Fusion music and fault lines in Shoaib Mansoor’s Khuda Kay Liye

Abstract

This paper argues that while fusion music in Shoaib Mansoor’s film Khuda Kay Liye (KKL) (2007) serves to reclaim Pakistan’s South Asian heritage, there are moments in KKL when non-Muslim South Asians are othered. I examine these contradictory elements in the film with respect to two songs. I first look at ‘Bulleh Nu’, an anti-casteist ‘kafi’ attributed to the seventeenth/eighteenth century Sufi poet Baba Bulleh Shah, born in present-day Pakistani Punjab. I then contrast ‘Bulleh Nu’ with the film’s problematic representation of the Sikh as a ‘villainous’ other. Subsequently I analyze ‘Neer Bharan’, a ‘bandis ki thumri’ associated with the cosmopolitan ethos of the nineteenth century kingdom of Awadh, now located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Alongside my analysis of ‘Neer Bharan’, I write about how KKL only partially distances itself from the conflation of religious and national identities in Pakistan. The minoritization of non- Muslims from the subcontinent in the film is consistent with how they are represented in certain Pakistani educational and cultural texts. Therefore the desire to embrace Pakistan’s pluralistic tradi-tions in Khuda Kay Liye is juxtaposed with a relatively uncritical stance towards non-inclusive notions of citizenship.